Natural conventional gas is a type of fuel that is incredibly adaptable and can be utilised for a variety of purposes as an energy source or in the manufacturing of different products. In commercial or industrial use, liquefied or dry natural gas is used under high pressure where gas quality pays a big role.

What is Natural Gas composition?

Natural Gas contains various hydrocarbons, in majority highly combustible coalbed methane (its molecule - CH4 - is built of one carbon atom and four hydrogen atoms). It may also contain saturated light paraffins, propane, butane, pentane, and hexane. Methane itself is lighter than air and odourless.

Where is Natural Gas found?

It can be often found during petroleum exploration while drilling underground rock formations where organic matter decomposes under high pressure and temperature. Typically, natural gas is extracted from deep vertical or horizontal drilling beneath the Earth's surface (often in a process called hydraulic fracturing), where it's frequently found in significant amounts. Crude oil and natural gas frequently come in conjunction with coal reserves, or an unconventional gas - the shale gas.

When was NATGAS invented?

A natural gas source was discovered at the location of the Delphian oracle, which was constructed on Mount Parnassus during ancient Greece, around 1000 BC. Some later evidence indicates the Chinese were using it as early as 500 BC. However, it wasn't until the 19th century that more natural gas started to be used on a larger scale for lighting and heating. The first commercial natural gas well was drilled in the United States in 1821 in Fredonia, New York. By the late 1800s, natural conventional gas interstate pipelines were being built to transport gas from production fields to cities. The discovery of large natural gas fields in Texas and Oklahoma in the early 1900s led to a significant increase in the use of natural gas for industrial purposes and building gas processing plants.

How is Natural Gas extracted?

To extract natural gas, a range of drilling techniques are employed depending on the geological conditions, one of which is hydraulic fracturing or fracking. Vertical drilling is suitable for the extraction of conventional natural gas when it is situated close to the surface, with an average depth of ca. 300-800 metres, allowing the gas to be easily accessed and brought to the surface. Horizontal drilling is a versatile and cost-effective method that offers more drilling options. Hydraulic fracturing commences with the creation of "micro-earthquakes" and uses high-pressure streams of water, sand, and chemicals to break up rock formations. This process enables natural gas to flow to the surface via gathering gas pipelines and wells.

What are the typical Natural Gas uses?

Natural gas is utilised in the commercial sector for various purposes, such as heating buildings and water, refrigeration and cooling equipment, cooking, clothes drying, and outdoor lighting. Additionally, it is used as a fuel for vehicles, including cars, buses, and trucks. Moreover, it is a vital component in the production of fertiliser, antifreeze, plastics, pharmaceuticals, and fabrics. Furthermore, natural gas is employed in the manufacturing of a wide array of chemicals, such as methanol, ammonia, butane, ethane, propane, and acetic acid. Many manufacturing processes require heat, and natural gas serves as a heat source in the production of products like glass, steel, cement, bricks, ceramics, tiles, paper, and food items. Finally, natural gas is also used for incineration purposes at several industrial facilities.

What's the importance of Natural Gas today?

Today, natural gas found in the Earth's crust is still a major source of energy around the world, with uses ranging from electricity generation to home heating and cooking. Natural gas offers numerous benefits in various applications, including heating, cooling, cooking, waste management, transportation, and serving as a raw material for chemicals, fertilisers, and pharmaceuticals.

Is there any impact of natural gas extraction on climate change and the environment?

The extraction and transportation of natural gas reserves have been linked to the release of greenhouse gases, including carbon dioxide, which contribute to global warming and climate change. Furthermore, the extraction of natural gas is often criticised for its potential to introduce toxic substances such as hydrogen sulphide into the environment. Scientists have also raised concerns about the possibility of mining-induced earthquakes associated with shale gas extraction methods. Also, potential leaks of crude oil pose a threat to soils and living organisms.

Is Natural Gas renewable?

Renewable energy sources are derived from naturally occurring, self-renewing processes, whereas natural gas, being a fossil fuel, is not considered renewable. It is a non-renewable energy source like coal, oil, and nuclear energy, which, once depleted, cannot be replenished for several human lifetimes. As we rely heavily on these non-renewable energy sources to meet our energy demands, their depletion presents a significant challenge for humanity.

LPG, which stands for Liquefied Petroleum Gas, is not naturally occurring gas. Rather, it is produced through the processing of natural gas and has a higher energy content than natural gas. This gas is composed primarily of propane and butane, either in pure form or in combination, and forms a liquid state under pressure.

What are the prospects for gas investments?

The gas industry believes there will be more natural gas found and they could contribute to sustainable energy and decarbonisation efforts. NATGAS is flexible and can complement renewable energy by providing backup power. In the short term, the future of gas looks promising as coal is phased out and nuclear power may also be phased out in some cases. However, beyond 2030, renewable energy's decreasing cost may reduce the role of the natural gas industry and gas as a primary fuel for power generation. Despite this, natural gas is expected to be the only fossil fuel to experience demand growth, especially in the Asian market. The natural gas industry needs to embrace the energy transition to ensure natural gas's strong medium-to-long-term future.

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